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Psychology; An Overview
Topic Started: Thu 25 Sep 2008 14:55:17 (258 Views)
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PHSYCOLOGY
According to psychologist Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings" (1985).

Social psychology looks at a wide range of social topics, including group behavior, social perception, leadership, nonverbal behavior, conformity, aggression, and prejudice. It is important to note that social psychology is not just about looking at social influences. Social perception and social interaction are also vital to understanding social behavior.
Brief History of Social Psychology
While Plato referred to the idea of the "crowd mind" and concepts such as social loafing and social facilitation were introduced in the late-1800s, it wasn't until after World War II that research on social psychology would begin in earnest. The horrors of the Holocaust led researchers to study the effects of social influence, conformity, and obedience.

The U.S. government also became interested in applying social psychological concepts to influencing citizens. Social psychology has continued to grow throughout the twentieth century, inspiring research that has contributed to our understanding of social experience and behavior.
----evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Such discussions of the two subjects date as far back as the early Greek thinkers such as Aristotle and Socrates. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word psyche, meaning 'soul' or 'mind.'
History of Psychology serves as a forum for both psychologists and other scholars exploring the full range of current ideas and approaches pertaining to the relationship between history and psychology. History of Psychology features original articles addressing all aspects of psychology's past and its interrelationship with the many contexts within which it has emerged and been practiced.
Articles also focus on related areas, such as historical psychology, theory in psychology as it pertains to history, historiography, biographical and autobiographical analysis, psychohistory, and issues involved in teaching the history of psychology.
The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates back to the Middle Ages. It was widely regarded to a branch of philosophy until the middle of the 19th century, when psychology developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany. Psychology borders on various other fields including physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, and anthropology.
Philosophical interest in the general set of phenomena currently organized in the West under the label "Psychology" dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India. These earlier forms of inquiry began adopting what would now be recognized as a more clinical[1] and experimental[2] approach under medieval Muslim psychologists and physicians, whose practitioners built what we would today recognize as psychiatric hospitals.[3] But it was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the psychology we study today began to be seriously pursued as an independent scientific enterprise.
Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study is commonly said to have begun in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzig. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), William James (the American father of pragmatic psychology), and Ivan Pavlov (who developed the procedures associated with classical conditioning).
Soon after the development of experimental psychology, various kinds of applied psychology began to appear as well. G. Stanley Hall (Johns Hopkins) brought scientific pedagogy to the United States from Germany in the early 1880s. John Dewey's (U. Chicago) educational theory of the 1890s was an early example as well. Also in the 1890s, Hugo Münsterberg (Harvard) began writing about the application of psychology to industry, law, and other professions. Lightner Witmer (U. Pennsylvania) established the first psychological clinic in the 1890s. James McKeen Cattell (Columbia U.) adapted the Francis Galton's anthropometric methods to generate the first program of mental testing in the 1890s as well. In Vienna, meanwhile, the neurologist Sigmund Freud was developing an independent approach to the study of the mind called psychoanalysis that has been widely influential. (Psychoanalysis, which properly belongs in the history of psychiatry, has also had a highly contested relationship with the development of experimental psychology.)
The 20th century saw a reaction against Edward Titchener's skewed interpretation of Wundt's empiricism. This led to the formulation of behaviorism by John B. Watson, which was popularized by B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism proposed epistemologically limiting psychological study to overt behavior, since that could be quantified and easily measured. Scientific knowledge of the "mind" was considered too metaphysical, hence impossible to achieve. The final decades of the 20th century then saw the decline of behaviorism and the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the "mind" as a subject for investigation, using the tools of evolutionary psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. This new form of investigation has proposed that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.

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nice sharing,actually I love counselling and its somewhat related to psychologist as for my observation most psychologist has thier own problems deep inside they are good in advising other people but they cant advice thier self properly,they have thier own belief,somethimes they have the power to judge pipol,not all psycholist has a great mind of giving advice,although they have the capability to understand ones personality,attitude or behavior,some psychologist if thier problem arise they can act not normal...
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